The aim of this article is to examine Aristotle’s treatment of the relationship between the accentuated mobility and the overwhelming imagination of melancholics. I begin by retracing the main lines of Aristotle’s reflection on the psychological and ethical implications of the propensity of melancholics to be guided by φαντασία. With specific regard, then, to the connection between certain peculiar psycho-somatic conditions – such as, among others, that deriving from an overabundance of μέλαινα χολή – and the capacity of foreseeing the (...) future by oneiric φαντάσματα, I analyse some crucial passages from the De divinatione per somnum and the Eudemian Ethics, as well as some fragments of the dialogues Eudemus and On Philosophy. Finally, I put forward the hypothesis that the focus on psycho-somatic conditions constitutes the fil rouge of the Aristotelian conception of dream divination, and argue – contrary to what is mostly claimed by scholars – its substantial unity. (shrink)

Leibniz's treatment of the concept of res should be considered in the context of his semantic-ontological reflections on the relationship of language, thought and reality, profoundly shaped by a nominalistically minded deflationary approach. In this paper I consider (a) the role of res as a kind of super-category and its relationship with ens; then I pass to consider the narrower usage of res to designate a concrete item, in the sense (b) of a subject of inherence as opposed to properties, (...) and (c) of an object as opposed to a concept. (shrink)

Première traduction européenne des Principles of Psychology, celle du psychologue et psychiatre Giulio Cesare Ferrari est aussi la première traduction presque intégrale des deux volumes de l’ouvrage. Elle marque le début d’un travail intense de traduction des œuvres de James en italien, qui ne sera égalé que plusieurs années après en France et en Allemagne. Elle se situait dans un moment culturel très dynamique où le rôle scientifique et culturel de la psychologie et de la philosophie faisait l’objet de grands (...) débats en Italie. Le cadre théorique et la mentalité « antiscolastique » de la psychologie de James reflétaient une nouvelle perspective naturaliste et une attitude de rupture profonde avec la tradition philosophique et psychologique précédente. (shrink)

Présentation des articles qui suivent sur la réception européenne de la psychologie de William James. Comment la contribution de ce « philosophe américain » à l’édification conceptuelle de la « psychologie » a-t‑elle été reçue, traduite et discutée en son temps dans les espaces universitaires européens non anglophones : italophone, francophone et germanophone? Quelles définitions de la psychologie impliquaient les appropriations conceptuelles de différentes disciplines (médecine, sciences, lettres)? Pourquoi James s’est-il peu à peu imposé commune figure nodale de ce nouveau (...) savoir? (shrink)

Gli aspetti concreti e le ricadute pratiche della filosofia sono da qualche tempo al centro dell'attenzione sia degli specialisti - che si interrogano sulla portata e il significato della loro materia anche fuori dalle accademie - sia dei non filosofi - che affollano festival culturali e interrogano i filosofi sui media. Sulle diverse fogge assunte dalla filosofia di fronte alla pratica riflettono gli autori di questi saggi, facendo riferimento tanto a quelle contenute nel sapere consegnatoci in duemilacinquecento anni da questa (...) disciplina, quanto a quelle più recenti, volte a rinnovare il suo rapporto con la quotidianità - le cosiddette "pratiche filosofiche". Un ventaglio di sguardi diversi tra loro, che privilegiano ora la sapienza e la logica, ora la saggezza e la cura, che hanno però in comune l'interesse a pensare le sfide della contemporaneità e le conseguenze pratiche che la filosofia è in grado di offrire a ciascuno di noi, ma anche l'idea che la filosofia non sia una mera disciplina speculativa, ma sia invece indispensabile agli uomini - a tutti gli uomini - per dar senso alla loro vita. (shrink)

Nel leggere il recentissimo lavoro di Rosa Calcaterra, una selezione di saggi pubblicati tra il 2003 e il 2016, rivisti o integrati in vista di questa nuova pubblicazione, emerge a chiare note la forza della sua interpretazione dell’unità programmatica dei pragmatisti vecchi e nuovi, o meglio del pragmatismo in quanto “stile di pensiero calibrato su precisi obiettivi teoretico-metodo-logici” (Calcaterra 2024: 7). Anticipatrice rispetto al mainstream odierno che il suo lavoro ha senza dubbio...

Philosophie des expériences radicales est un ouvrage riche et ambitieux à de nombreux points de vue. Stéphane Madelrieux montre dans quelle mesure l’expérience constitue l’une des catégories majeures de la philosophie française contemporaine, bien qu’elle ait du mal à être reconnue comme telle, soit du fait de la variété des penseurs l’ayant discutée, soit en raison de sa moindre visibilité par rapport aux catégories qui sont “calquées sur le nom des courants manifestes (vie, existence, struc...

Ce premier symposium en langue française inaugure une nouvelle série de symposiums qui viendront enrichir la section multilingue de l’European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy. Cette série vise à contribuer à la discussion des publications récentes qui traitent du pragmatisme ou proposent des confrontations avec ce courant de pensée. Elle s’insère dans la section multilingue, dont l’ambition est de permettre aux nombreuses voix internationales qui composent la scène pragmatiste c...

Dans L’esprit en acte, Mathias Girel propose une radiographie non pas d’un courant (le pragmatisme), non pas d’un auteur (James, Peirce ou Dewey), mais d’un moment clé de l’histoire du pragmatisme (les années 1870 à 1900). L’ambition de l’ouvrage est de montrer que les débats actuels sur la nature du rapport entre nos croyances et notre conduite étaient vifs dès la genèse du pragmatisme. Loin d’être dus à une complexification croissante du mouvement pragmatiste, qui verrait l’unité initiale ê...

Este artículo pretende exponer algo del tema de la bella y buena muerte en la épica griega arcaica y apuntar los profundos cambios ocurridos con Sócrates, según textos de Platón y Xenofonte, cambios que son fundamentales todavía para nuestras categorías éticas actuales. Se trata del tránsito desde una concepción épico-aristocrática de la bella muerte a ser entendida ésta como corolario de una vida iluminada por la reflexión.

Leibniz introduit l’expression « ⁰⁄₀ » en 1672 dans un écrit mathématique sur les séries numériques pour exprimer la somme des unités. Il s’agit très probablement d’une des premières apparitions de cette expression dans l’histoire des mathématiques. Leibniz cependant l’abandonne aussitôt. Elle apparaît à nouveau dans le contexte du calcul différentiel au moment où celui-ci fait débat à l’Académie royale des sciences. Une des questions les plus saillantes soulevées par l’introduction du nouveau calcul est de savoir si la notion de (...) différentielle doit être distinguée, dans la pratique, du zéro absolu. Cet article examine les efforts effectués, dans le cadre d’une nouvelle pratique mathématique, pour donner un sens à l’expression « ⁰⁄₀ ». On verra comment cette expression cesse de représenter une impossibilité algébrique, à condition de ne plus penser « 0 » comme un zéro absolu. Désormais, elle est le signe de l’existence d’une singularité d’une courbe. L’analyse de cette construction de sens met en évidence combien la représentation diagrammatique des caractères impliqués dans le calcul était importante pour les premiers pratiquants du calcul différentiel. (shrink)

Los avances de la biotecnología y las fascinantes perspectivas de la genómica nutricional en el escenario de la práctica clínica conducen a la consideración de distintos aspectos que impactan en el beneficio integral del ser humano. En ese sentido, la integración de la nutrición personalizada en la atención clínica requiere de un análisis bioético centrado en la unidad de la persona que, con base en su perfil nutrigenético único, contribuya al cuidado de la salud por medio del tratamiento nutricional individualizado. (...) El análisis bioético contempla los principios de totalidad terapéutica, libertad e integridad. Además, el uso de las pruebas nutrigenéticas destaca no solo la confidencialidad de datos, que se presupone, sino que lleva a considerar el derecho a la intimidad. (shrink)

Le statut des savoirs et des connaissances en sciences humaines et sociales, tel qu'il commençait à être élaboré par les précurseurs et les fondateurs de ce qu'il était convenu d'appeler la sociologie, à laquelle vint s'ajouter l'anthropologie, pose aujourd'hui problème tant au niveau des sacralisations maintenues qu'à celui des modernisations s'accomplissant et accomplies. À partir d'ouvrages inventoriés sur une longue période, principalement les trente dernières années, l'épistémologie des sciences sociales s'interroge sur elle-même, sur ce qu'elle produit : des traces d'objectivation, (...) mais aussi de réflexion. Cet ouvrage est destiné aux chercheurs et enseignants chercheurs, mais aussi à tous ceux, et ils seront de plus en plus nombreux, qui, à l'écart des parti-pris et des dogmatismes, tentent de tracer leur chemin à des légitimations sociales et politiques en train de se faire. Mais, dès maintenant, elles tracent le chemin contre des illégitimations et des illégitimités globales advenues, dont la toute puissance serait apparemment le gage de leur pérennité. (shrink)

Il s'agit, dans ce second volume, intitulé Terrains et idéologies.Théorie et pratique, de montrer par des recensions d'ouvrages sur des objets de recherche divers qu'une théorisation élaborée en sciences sociales à partir de théorisations déjà faites, exige un retour au terrain pour être validée. Une nouvelle théorisation invalidera ou confirmera les premières théorisations. Des approches comportementalistes de la pénibilité du travail, un chercheur montre l'insuffisance par une analyse approfondie qui tient compte de la subjectivité.De la pratique à la théorie, de (...) la théorie à la pratique, les sciences sociales suivent un chemin qui s'interrompt, se reprend sans cesse et qui ne s'achève jamais -- Editor. (shrink)

Despite the radical importance of embryology in the development of organicism, developmental biology remains philosophically underexplored as a theoretical and empirical resource to clarify the nature of organisms. This paper discusses how embryology can help develop the organisational definition of the organism as a differentiated, functionally integrated, and autonomous system. I distinguish two conceptions of development in the organisational tradition that yield two different conceptions of the organism: the life-history view claims that organisms can be considered as such during their (...) whole ontogeny; the constitutive view distinguishes two periods in the life history, a period of generation and a period of self-maintenance of a constitutive organisation. Arguing in favour of the constitutive view, it will be claimed that the organisational criteria for the definition of organism (i.e., differentiation, functional integration, and autonomy) can only be applied to the developmental system when it has entered the period of self-maintenance of a constitutive organisation. Under the light of current research in developmental biology, it is possible to make explicit how organisms come to be as organisms. To this end, I explore key ontogenetic events that help us clarify the core aspects of animal organisation and allow us to identify the developmental stage that marks the ontological transition between an organism in potency and an organism in actuality. The structure of this ontogenetic unfolding parallels the conceptual structure of the very notion of organism; the generation of the being of a particular organism parallels its definition. (shrink)

After three decades of intensive debate in academic and activist circles, intersectionality has progressively been adopted in public policies. Yet, the challenges of its application are still largely unexplored. This article adopts a discursive approach to study the process of policy implementation of an intersectionality-informed plan in Madrid City Council, Spain. The analysis of materials retrieved through interviews, a focus group, and participant observation enables us to explore how the technical staff interpret intersectionality and links it with other established approaches (...) in equality and antidiscrimination law and policy, namely gender and diversity. We argue that preconceptions and positionality within the institutional structure deeply affect the interpretation of intersectionality and the subsequent action or non-action taken by implementing actors. Our study shows the challenges and opportunities to implement intersectionality in public policies that result from its discursive construction through the frames of gender and diversity. (shrink)

The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between educational marketing and student satisfaction in Higher Education Institutions in the Tacna region, in order to analyse the characteristics that are related to the study variables. The methodology was carried out under a quantitative approach, with a correlational and transversal research design; sample was composed of 249 students. Pearson's statistical test was applied, showing that the educational marketing variable is significantly related to student satisfaction in higher education institutions. Finally, (...) it was demonstrated that the students evidenced effective characteristics of their respective institutions that differentiate them from others. (shrink)

La relación entre Platón y los poetas ha suscitado no pocas reflexiones a lo largo de la historia de la filosofía. Uno de los diálogos privilegiados para entender esta relación ha sido el Fedro, pues la belleza, la escritura y el lenguaje son ámbitos en los que filosofía y poesía confluyen. No sorprende, entonces, que se hagan varias alusiones a los poetas de la tradición épica y lírica como Homero, Estesícoro y Safo. Sostendremos aquí que esta alusión a Safo en (...) el Fedro, única en todo el corpus platónico, implica un compromiso con la tradición poética y erótica femenina, una comprensión de esta como estadio protofilosófico y el reconocimiento de la influencia de Safo en su concepción del eros. De este modo, no solo se amplía la consideración acerca de la relación de Platón y los poetas, sino que se incluye una perspectiva que no ha sido abordada de manera suficiente, esto es, el aporte femenino al pensamiento platónico. (shrink)

La pandemia del COVID-19 constituye un caso de estudio fascinante desde la perspectiva de la filosofía de la ciencia, incluyendo los estudios de Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad (CTS) y, en particular, la filosofía de la biología. En este artículo abordo la deriva más polémica del debate clásico en torno al realismo científico, a saber: la discusión sobre la naturaleza de los hechos de los que se ocupan las ciencias.

Criticisms of the “container” model of pregnancy picturing female and embryo as separate entities multiply in various philosophical and scientific contexts during the last decades. In this paper, we examine how this model underlies received views of pregnancy in evolutionary biology, in the characterization of the transition from oviparity to viviparity in mammals and in the selectionist explanations of pregnancy as an evolutionary strategy. In contrast, recent evo-devo studies on eutherian reproduction, including the role of inflammation and new maternal cell (...) types, gather evidence in favor of considering pregnancy as an evolved relational novelty. Our thesis is that from this perspective we can identify the emergence of a newhistoricalindividual in evolution. In evo-devo, historical units are conceptualized as evolved entities which fulfill two main criteria, their continuous persistence and their non-exchangeability. As pregnancy can be individuated in this way, we contend that pregnant females are historical individuals. We argue that historical individuality differs from, and coexists with, other views of biological individuality as applied to pregnancy (the physiological, the evolutionary and the ecological one), but brings forward an important new insight which might help dissolve misguided conceptions. (shrink)

Interview of M. Laura Lattanzi and Paz López to the artist and writer Leticia Obeid.

Aristotle’s influence on D’Arcy Thompson was praised by Thompson himself and has been recognized by others in various respects, including the aesthetic and normative dimensions of biology, and the multicausal explanation of living forms. This article focuses on the relatedness of organic forms, one of the core problems addressed by both Aristotle’s History of Animals (HA), and the renowned chapter of Thompson’s On Growth and Form (G&F), “On the Theory of Transformations, or the Comparison of Related Forms.” We contend that, (...) far from being an incidental inspiration stemming from Thompson’s classicist background, his translation of HA played a pivotal role in developing his theory of transformations. Furthermore, we argue that Thompson’s interpretation of the Aristotelian method of comparison challenges the prevailing view of Aristotle as the founder of “typological essentialism,” and is a key episode in the revision of this narrative. Thompson understood that the method Aristotle used in HA to compare animal forms is better comprehended as a “method of transformations,” leading to a morphological arrangement of animal diversity, as opposed to a taxonomical classification. Finally, we examine how this approach to the relatedness of forms lay the foundation for a causal understanding of parts and their interconnections. Although Aristotle and Thompson emphasized distinct types of causes, we contend that they both differ in a fundamental sense from the one introduced by Darwin’s theory of natural selection, which was formulated as a solution to the species problem rather than the form problem. We conclude that Thompson’s interpretation of Aristotle’s approach to form comparison has not only impacted contemporary scholarship on Aristotle’s biology, but revitalized a perspective that has regained significance due to the resurgence of the problem of form in evo-devo. (shrink)

RESUMENEl objetivo de este artículo es explorar la relación entre el pensamiento de Kierkegaard y la figura de Sócrates con el fin de comprender por qué Kierkegaard concibe su tarea como la de un «Sócrates cristiano». Mi argumentación seguirá los siguientes puntos: En primer lugar analizaré la noción kierkegaardiana del «pensador existente» en la figura de Sócrates. En segundo lugar, mostraré la oposición entre la negatividad de la ironía socrática y la positividad de Platón y la sofística, tal y como (...) Kierkegaard la analiza en El concepto de ironía. Finalmente trataré de demostrar la diferencia entre el humor kierkegaardiano y la ironía socrática, ambos igualmente negativos.PALABRAS CLAVEPENSADOR EXISTENTE, SÓCRATES, IRONÍA, NEGATIVIDAD, HUMORABSTRACTThe aim of this article is to explore the relationship between Kierkegaard’s thought and Socrates in order to understand why Kierkegaard calls himself a «Christian Socrates». My paper will develop the following points: Firstly I will analyze Kierkegaard’s notion of the «Existent Thinker» in the model of Socrates. Secondly, I will show the difference between the negativity of Socratic irony and the positivity of Platonic and Sophistic position, which Kierkegaard analyzes in On the concept of Irony. Finally, I will try to show de difference between Kierkegaardian humour and Socratic irony, both equally negative modes of thought.KEY WORDSEXISTENT THINKER, SOCRATES, IRONY, NEGATIVITY, HUMOUR. (shrink)

La biología sintética mantiene una relación muy singular con la teoría evolutiva: por un lado, parte de una interpretación ingenieril de la evolución para fundar su aproximación al diseño de bioartefactos; por otro, la biología sintética aspira, en última instancia, a deshacerse de la evolución creando organismos de novo que se comporten de un modo predecible. Tras examinar las tres grandes propiedades que aparecen recurrentemente en la descripción sintética de los nuevos artefactos orgánicos (su caracterización como sistemas modulares, computables y (...) producto del diseño), argumentaré que la biología sintética se erige sobre una concepción de los organismos y en particular de la relación de estos con su legado histórico que ha sido profundamente cuestionada por la biología evolucionista contemporánea. (shrink)

La crítica kantiana legó una doble herencia a la biología decimonónica: su noción de ciencia basada en el mecanicismo newtoniano configuró epistemológicamente la teoría de la evolución darwinista, mientras que su comprensión de los organismos se tradujo en una morfología teleológica. En este artículo planteamos dos cuestiones en torno la relación entre las ideas de Kant y Darwin: 1) si Kant habría considerado a Darwin el Newton de la biología, a lo que, con matices, respondemos afirmativamente; 2) si la física (...) newtoniana es hoy suficiente para naturalizar lo orgánico. Nuestra respuesta negativa se fundamenta en las ciencias de la autoorganización y la evo-devo, que permiten plantear la naturalización de la concepción kantiana de los organismos. (shrink)

Pere Alberch played a pivotal role in shaping the field of evolutionary developmental biology during the 1980s and 1990s. Whereas initially his contributions were sidelined by the empirical advancements of the molecular revolution in developmental and evolutionary biology, his theoretical insights have left a lasting impact on the discipline. This article provides a comprehensive review of the legacy and evolvability of Alberch's ideas in contemporary evo-devo, which included the study of morphogenesis as the proper level of developmental causation, the interplay (...) between developmental constraints and natural selection, the epistemic role of teratologies, the origin of evolutionary novelties and the concept of evolvability. (shrink)

The notion of fitness is usually equated to reproductive success. However, this actualist approach presents some difficulties, mainly the explanatory circularity problem, which have lead philosophers of biology to offer alternative definitions in which fitness and reproductive success are distinguished. In this paper, we argue that none of these alternatives is satisfactory and, inspired by Mumford and Anjum’s dispositional theory of causation, we offer a definition of fitness as a causal dispositional property. We argue that, under this framework, the distinctiveness (...) that biologists usually attribute to fitness—namely, the fact that fitness is something different from both the physical traits of an organism and the number of offspring it leaves—can be explained, and the main problems associated with the concept of fitness can be solved. Firstly, we introduce Mumford and Anjum's dispositional theory of causation and present our definition of fitness as a causal disposition. We explain in detail each of the elements involved in our definition, namely: the relationship between fitness and the functional dispositions that compose it, the emergent character of fitness, and the context-sensitivity of fitness. Finally, we explain how fitness and realized fitness, as well as expected and realized fitness are distinguished in our approach to fitness as a causal disposition. (shrink)

Ante las acusaciones de despolitización que ha recibido el pensamiento del último Derrida, este artículo se propone mostrar cómo la crítica a la idea de comunidad articula en Derrida una política heterológica que desdibuja los límites tradicionales entre lo ético y lo político. Para demostrarlo se procedará, en primer lugar, a analizar la crítica a lo comunitario y a la “fraternidad” que se desarrolla principalmente en Políticas de la amistad, en segundo lugar se analizará la crítica derridiana a la idea (...) de un mundo común material y/o objetivo, para finalmente exponer las características de la política heterológica en su relación con la muerte del otro y la figura del hijo. (shrink)

While the notion of chance has been central in discussions over the probabilistic nature of natural selection and genetic drift, its role in the production of variants on which populational sampling takes place has received much less philosophical attention. This article discusses the concept of chance in evolution in the light of contemporary work in evo-devo. We distinguish different levels at which randomness and chance can be defined in this context, and argue that recent research on variability and evolvability demands (...) a causal understanding of variational probabilities under which development acquires a creative, rather than a constraining role in evolution. We then provide a propensity interpretation of variational probabilities that solves a conceptual confusion between causal properties, variational probabilities and extant variation present in the literature, and explore some metaphysical consequences that follow from our interpretation, specifically with regards to the nature of developmental types. (shrink)

Positive Psychology has turned its attention to the study of emotions in a scientific and rigorous way. Particularly, to how emotions influence people’s health, performance, or their overall life satisfaction. Within this trend, Flow theory has established a theoretical framework that helps to promote the Flow experience. Flow state, or optimal experience, is a mental state of high concentration and enjoyment that, due to its characteristics, has been considered desirable for the development of the performing activity of performing musicians. Musicians (...) are a population prone to health problems, both psychological and physical, owing to different stressors of their training and professional activity. One of the most common problems is Musical Performance Anxiety. In this investigation, an electronic intervention program was carried out for the development of psychological self-regulation skills whose main objective was to trigger the Flow response in performing musicians and the coping mechanism for Musical Performance Anxiety. A quasi-experimental design was used with a control group in which pre- and post-measures of Flow State, Musical Performance Anxiety and, also, Social Skills were taken. Sixty-two performing musicians from different music colleges in Spain participated in the program. Results indicated that the intervention significantly improved Flow State, and Sense of Control, and decreased Music Performance Anxiety, and self-consciousness of the participants in the EG but not CG. The changes in the EG after the program showed the inverse relationship between Flow and Anxiety. Two important theoretical factors of both variables, such as worry and the feeling of lack of control, could be involved. The results are under discussion and future lines of research are proposed. (shrink)

In this chapter, I focus on the faculties by which we gain knowledge, namely, sensibility and the understanding, as well as on the methodological framework within which Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz examines them. I stress the importance that the author gives to sensibility and the physiological apparatus that grounds and explains sensation.With respect to her conception of understanding, I will show that it is both the sign of man’s filiation with God and a faculty that displays deficiencies and (...) limitations with respect to the difficult task of attaining knowledge.Finally, I examine Sor Juana’s criticism both of the Neoplatonic method, which looks for a vision of the universe as a whole, as well as of the deductive method of the Aristotelian- Scholastic tradition, which attempts to reduce the unmanageable diversity of beings to some specific characteristics and laws.My conclusion is that Sor Juana shares with modern philosophers the critical attitude against tradition; she holds that traditional methods do not enable us to reach knowledge about either the remotest causes or the closest effects. On my view, Sor Juana takes an epistemological approach to philosophy, as do Bacon and Descartes, but she does not propose a new method; this is not because of some radical skepticism on her part, but because of the enormity of the task of the human mind achieving complete knowledge. (shrink)

El presente trabajo analiza las representaciones de América y los americanos en el siglo XVIII con base en los conceptos de hibridación cultural de García Canclini y de tradición de Ambrosio Velasco. La primera parte del estudio examina la hibridación del territorio americano según las dos ediciones de la Enciclopedia de Diderot, destacando la complejidad discursiva en torno al concepto del salvaje propuesto por Cornelius De Pauw. Posteriormente, se realiza una revisión crítica de las interpretaciones nacionalistas de Xavier Clavijero, cuestionando (...) su supuesta defensa de los antiguos mexicanos a través del análisis de narrativas que entrelazan poderes hegemónicos e identidades invisibilizadas. (shrink)